Bank Hall Locomotive Depot in 1948: two ex-Lancashire & Yorkshire engines outside the smaller through Shed: ex-L&Y 1F 0-6-0T No. 11535, fitted with dumb buffers and swinging spark-arrestor for working in the Docks; behind it is Class 30 6F 0-8-0 No. 12782. (Beyond can be glimpsed an 8F 2-8-0 with the unusual combination of 'M' as well as the BR initial '4' added to its number). Photo: 20 June 1848 by Ben Brooksbank, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 license.

Recording Locomotive Sightings 1943 - 1968
A generation of enthusiasts recorded the movements of locomotives around the railway system. These records of visits to locomotive depots have been collected and carefully analysed to provide an overall portrait for the period 1943 to 1968. During that period of steam's final years, there was a marked change from the pre-grouping types that still found work at a few depots, to the modern BR designs that worked until the end in 1968. The handling of freight and passenger services was a major undertaking from town and cities, ports, coal mines and factories. All of it traversed the labyrinth of lines that criss-crossed the country. There were numerous 'sheds' spread throughout the length and breadth of the land that provided and serviced the vast army of steam locomotives (20,000 in 1948). Here is just a taste of that history.

Tuesday, 6 November 2012

Leeds Holbeck 1956 - 1967

Leeds Holbeck
Post Grouping Ownership - Midland Railwayopened:18751935 - Jan 195720A
type: Two brick-built roundhouses.closed to steam:Oct-67Feb 1957 - Oct 196755A
location: Half a mile from Leeds City station, on the Woodlesford line.
AbbreviationsA - AspinallBW - Barton WrightD - DeeleyFb - FairburnF - Fowler
H - HughesI - IvattJ - JohnsonSt - StanierK - KirtleyBR - British Railway
MR - Midland RailwayLMS - London, Midland & Scottish RailwayL&Y - Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway
LNW - London & North Western RailwayNER - North Eastern RailwayWD - WarDepartment
CR - Caledonian Railway
Sunday 26 August 195620Atotal:64
cl 3MT 2-6-2T (St)cl 4MT 2-6-0cl 5MT 4-6-0Jubilee 4-6-0cl 8F 2-8-0
4014820A4303920A4466220A4556520A Victoria4806720A
cl 2MT 2-6-2T (I)cl 2MT 2-6-04466868A4556920A Tasmania4810420A
4126720A4645320A4474522A4557320A Newfoundland4815720A
cl 2P 4-4-0 (F)4649820A4474622A4558920A Gwalior4815820A
4032320Acl 4F 0-6-0 (F)4482820A4559910B Bechuanaland4815920A
cl 2P 4-4-0 (F)4394021A4483019B4560820A Gibraltar4831120B
4069020Acl 4F 0-6-04484121A4560919B Gilbert & Ellice Iands4839920A
cl 4P 4-4-0 (3 cyl)4404420A4485220A4561920A Nigeria4845420A
4106820A4405318C4485320A4565820A Keyes4847268A
4109420A4410821A4487768A4565920A Drakecl 3F 0-6-0T
411605A4419720F4501268A4566022A Rooke4725420A
4119919B4420720A4527420A4569768A Achilles4741820A
cl 3F 0-6-0 (J/D)4421219A4542820A4571668A Swiftsure4742020A
4325020C4422721ABR 5MT 4-6-04573920A Ulster4743620A
4450120A7304520ARoyal Scot 4-6-0
7305320A4610320A Royal Scots Fusilier
Shed Codes5A Crewe North10B Preston18C Hasland19A Grimesthorpe19B Millhouses
20A Leeds Holbeck20B Stourton20C Royston20F Skipton21A Saltley
22A Bristol Barrow Road68A Carlisle Kingmoor
Sunday 17 November 195755Atotal:60
cl 3MT 2-6-2T (St)cl 4MT 2-6-0cl 5MT 4-6-0Jubilee 4-6-0cl 8F 2-8-0
4014055A4304355A4466119B4556855A Western Australia4806755A
cl 2P 4-4-0 (J/F)4305555A4475655A4558955A Gwalior4810455A
4055255A4305655A4475755A4560219B British Honduras4815755A
cl 4P 4-4-0 (3 cyl)4312455A4477521A4560855A Gibraltar4815855A
4106855Acl 5MT 2-6-0 (H/F)4481214B4565122A Shovell4815955A
cl 4MT 2-6-4T (F)4277455A4482655A4565619B Cochrane4845455A
4237755A4279555A4482855A4567555A Hardy4854055D
cl 4F 0-6-04279855A4485355A4569455A BellerophonBR 9F 2-10-0
4404455A4281024J4485755ARoyal Scot 4-6-09204821A
4411924G4288468A4496621A4611255A Sherwood Forester9215221A
4420755Acl 2MT 2-6-04498514B4611355A Cameroniancl 3F 0-6-0T
4430611A4645355A4526821A4613355A The Green Howards4725455A
BR 5MT 4-6-04649855A4527355A46145
55A The Duke of Wellington's Regiment
4741855A
7305355A4542855A4742055A
7317155A4743655A
Shed Codes11A Carnforth14B Kentish Town19B Millhouses21A Saltley24G Skipton
24J Lancaster55A Leeds Holbeck55D Royston68A Carlisle Kingmoor
Sunday 13 July 195855Atotal:58
cl 3MT 2-6-2T (St)cl 5MT 2-6-0 (H/F)cl 5MT 4-6-0Jubilee 4-6-0cl 8F 2-8-0
4014055A4289524J4475355A4556255A Alberta4815755A
4014819B4290768A4475455A4556455A New South Wales4815855A
4019355Acl 4MT 2-6-04475655A4557355A Newfoundland4828355A
cl 2MT 2-6-2T (I)4303114A4479068A4558955A Gwalior4839955A
4126755A4303955A4482855A455915A UdaipurBR 9F 2-10-0
cl 4MT 2-6-4T (F)4305655A4484817A4559419B Bhopal9200921A
4237755A4311755A4485255A4568222A Trafalgar9213118A
cl 4P 4-4-0 (3 cyl)4312455ABR 5MT 4-6-04569455A Bellerophon9213721A
4109455A4313055A7301619B4570468A Leviathancl 4F 0-6-0
4110055Acl 2MT 2-6-07304555A4572968A Furious4405555A
4110124J4645355A7307319BRoyal Scot 4-6-04407018D
4111324Jcl 3F 0-6-0T7317155A4610855A Seaforth Highlander4420755A
4111955A4742055Acl 4F 0-6-0 (F)4610955A Royal Engineer4446321A
0-6-0 diesel4391455D4611755A Welsh Guardsman4458255D
D227155A
Shed Codes5A Crewe North14A Cricklewood17A Derby18A Toton18D Staveley Barrow Hill
19B Millhouses21A Saltley22A Bristol Barrow Road24J Lancaster55A Leeds Holbeck
55D Royston68A Carlisle Kingmoor
Allocation March 1959 (81)cl 3F 0-6-0TLMS1cl 4P 4-4-0 (3 cyl)LMS3
cl 3MT 2-6-2T (St)LMS2cl 2MT 2-6-2T (I)LMS1cl 4MT 2-6-4T (Fb)LMS2
cl 2MT 2-6-0LMS3cl 4MT 2-6-0LMS7cl 5MT 2-6-0 (H/F)LMS4
cl 8F 2-8-0LMS9cl 5MT 4-6-0LMS17BR 5MT 4-6-0BR6
Jubilee 4-6-0LMS18Royal Scot 4-6-0LMS5Britannia 4-6-2BR3
Sunday 23 August 195955Atotal:64
cl 3MT 2-6-2T (St)cl 5MT 2-6-0 (H/F)cl 5MT 4-6-0Jubilee 4-6-0cl 8F 2-8-0
4019355A4277055F4466715C455619E Saskatchewan4806755A
cl 2MT 2-6-2T (I)4277521A4467112A4556255A Alberta4810455A
4132655F4279021A4467612A4556555A Victoria4815855A
cl 4MT 2-6-4T (Fb)4280412A4475655A4556855A Western Australia4828355A
4205255A4281024J4484955A4557282E Eire486571A
cl 2P 4-4-0 (J/F)4282721A4487712A4559041C TravencoreBR 9F 2-10-0
4049155A4283112A4526921A4559755A Barbados9200921A
4055255Acl 4MT 2-6-0BR 5MT 4-6-04561614B Malta G. C.9212115C
cl 2P 4-4-0 (F)4302124J7301055A4561955A Nigeria9213721A
4069055A4304355A7304641C4565855A Keyes9215221A
cl 2MT 2-6-04304524J7306955A4569367A Agamemnoncl 4F 0-6-0 (F)
4649355A4305555A7317055A4573212A Sanspareil4409121A
4649855A4305655Acl 3F 0-6-0 (J/D)Royal Scot 4-6-04411217A
cl 3F 0-6-0T4311755A4320017A4611255A Sherwood Forester4427815D
4742055A4312455A0-6-0 diesel4611355A Cameronian4460641E
D2271D3457Britannia 4-6-2
7005355A Moray Firth
Shed Codes1A Willesden9E Trafford Park12A Carlisle Kingmoor14B Kentish Town15C Leicester Midland
15D Coalville17A Derby21A Saltley24J Lancaster41C Millhouses
41E Staveley Barrow Hill55A Leeds Holbeck55F Manningham67A Corkerhill82E Bristol Barrow Road
Sunday 8 May 196055Atotal:58
cl 2MT 2-6-2T (I)cl 5MT 2-6-0 (H/F)cl 5MT 4-6-0Jubilee 4-6-0cl 8F 2-8-0
4126755A4270255F4475455A4556455A New South Wales4815955A
cl 4MT 2-6-4T (Fb)4277155A4475555A4556555A Victoria4822255D
4205255A4279855A4482655A4556855A Western Australia4844355A
cl 4MT 2-6-4T (F)4287512A4482855A4557641C Bombay4853612A
4237755A4290021A4484955A4560855A Gibralter4875812A
4240955Acl 4MT 2-6-04485355A4562016A North BorneoWD 2-8-0
cl 2P 4-4-0 (J/F)4300724J4485755A4565855A Keyes9056255C
4049155A4311755A4494355A4567555A HardyBR 9F 2-10-0
4055255Acl 2MT 2-6-04508821A4568341C Hogue9212115C
cl 2P 4-4-0 (F)4645355A4512612A4570226A Colossus9213721A
4069055A4538721BRoyal Scot 4-6-09215915A
Britannia 4-6-24549866B4610955A Royal Engineercl 3F 0-6-0T
700439A Lord KitchenerBR 5MT 4-6-04611355A Cameronian4742055A
7004455A Earl Haig7316655G4613055A The West Yorkshire Regiment0-6-0 diesel
7316855AB1 4-6-0D2272D2596
7316955A6119850A
Shed Codes9A Longsight12A Carlisle Kingmoor15A Wellingborough15C Leicester Midland16A Nottingham
21A Saltley21B Bournville24J Lancaster26A Newton Heath41C Millhouses50A York
55A Leeds Holbeck55C Farnley Junction55D Royston55F Manningham55G Huddersfield66B Motherwell
Sunday 5 March 196155Atotal:70
cl 2MT 2-6-2T (I)cl 5MT 2-6-0 (H/F)cl 5MT 4-6-0Patriot 4-6-0cl 8F 2-8-0
4126755A4275112A4475555A4550682E Royal Pioneer Corps4806755A
cl 4MT 2-6-4T (Fb)4279741B4475655AJubilee 4-6-04810455A
4205255A4283212A4484955A4555717A New Brunswick4815855A
4213224H4283712A4485255A4556455A New South Wales4828355A
cl 4MT 2-6-4T (F)4289324J4485455A4556555A Victoria4844355A
4237755Acl 4MT 2-6-04485755A4556655A Queensland486031A
4240855A4303955A4494114A4559755A Barbados486241A
4240955A4304355A4494355A4565955A DrakeWD 2-8-0
cl 2MT 2-6-04311755A4526021A4569455A Bellerophon9061155D
4645355A4313055A4532066A4571214B Victory906678F
4649355A0-6-0 diesel453485A4571312A RenownBR 9F 2-10-0
4649855AD227155ABR 5MT 4-6-04571812A Dreadnought9201815A
V2 2-6-2730391ARoyal Scot 4-6-09211815A
6096452A The Durham Light Infantry7306541C4613055A The West Yorkshire Regimentcl 4F 0-6-0 (F)
Britannia 4-6-27316855A46142
14B The York & Lancaster Regiment
4393155B
7004455A Earl Haig7317155A4396024G
7005455A Dornoch Firth46145
55A The Duke of Wellington's Regiment
4414741E
A3 4-6-24423855B
6007255A Sunstar4615141C The Royal Horse Guardsman4442641B
4448712E
Shed Codes1A Willesden5A Crewe North8F Springs Branch12A Carlisle Kingmoor12E Barrow
14A Cricklewood14B Kentish Town15A Wellingborough17A Derby21A Saltley24G Skipton
24H Hellifield24J Lancaster41B Grimesthorpe41C Millhouses41E Barrow Hill52A Gateshead
55A Leeds Holbeck55B Stourton55D Royston66A Polmadie82E Bristol Barrow Road
Sunday 8 April 196255Atotal:55
cl 2MT 2-6-2T (I)cl 5MT 2-6-0 (H/F)cl 5MT 4-6-0Patriot 4-6-0cl 8F 2-8-0
4126755A4277155A4466255A4550524J Royal Army Ordnance Corps4815855A
cl 4MT 2-6-4T (Fb)4279855A4472712AJubilee 4-6-04828355A
4205255Acl 2MT 2-6-04475355A4556255A Alberta4839955A
4213855A4645355A4475655A4556655A Queensland4861212A
4214155F4649355A4482455A4557355A Newfoundland486139F
4214955E4649855A4482855A4563955A RaleighWD 2-8-0
cl 4MT 2-6-4T (F)BR 5MT 4-6-04485255A4565855A Keyes9060555D
4240955A7317055A4485455A4566717B JellicoePeak T4 diesels
cl 4MT 2-6-07317155A4494117A4567555A HardyD31D94
4304355A4496321A4571812A DreadnoughtD47D103
4312455A451318ARoyal Scot 4-6-0D62D110
A3 4-6-2453808B4611216A Sherwood ForesterD82
6003855A FirdaussiBritannia 4-6-20-6-0 diesels
6005252A Prince Palatine7004455A Earl HaigD2267D2271
Shed Codes8A Edge Hill8B Warrington9F Heaton Mersey12A Carlisle Kingmoor16A Nottingham
17A Derby17B Burton-on-Trent21A Saltley24J Lancaster52A Gateshead
55A Leeds Holbeck55D Royston55E Normanton55F Manningham
Sunday 12 May 196355Atotal:60
cl 2MT 2-6-2T (I)cl 5MT 4-6-0Jubilee 4-6-0cl 8F 2-8-0Peak T4 diesels
4126755A4466255A4556555A Victoria4807655DD13D74
cl 4MT 2-6-4T (Fb)4475355A4556855A Western Australia4815755AD15D96
4205255A4475755A4556955A Tasmania4839955AD20D111
cl 4MT 2-6-4T (F)4480415C4557355A NewfoundlandWD 2-8-0D22D131
4240955A4480521A4558812A Kashmir9031524JD25D151
cl 4MT 2-6-04482655A4558955A Gwalior9072424BD30D160
4303955A4482855A4559755A Barbados0-6-0 dieselsD31D173
4304355A4484955A4561417A Leeward IslandsD2267D2273BR T2 diesel
4311755A4485355A4565855A KeyesD2272D5176D5177
4313055A4485455A4566717A JelicoeA3 4-6-2
4485755A4567555A Hardy6003855A Firdausi
4485921A4574212A ConnaughtA1 4-6-2
4489912Acl 4F 0-6-06012056C Kitiwake
4498355A4458655B
Shed Codes12A Carlisle Kingmoor15C Leicester Midland17A Derby21A Saltley24B Rose Grove
24J Lancaster55A Leeds Holbeck55B Stourton55D Royston56C Copley Hill
Sunday 3 May 196455Atotal:53
cl 4MT 2-6-4T (Fb)cl 5MT 4-6-0Jubilee 4-6-0cl 8F 2-8-0Peak T4 diesels
4205255A446662E4556855A Western Australia4815755AD17D62
4213955A4466710J4557355A Newfoundland4815855AD22D64
4227155A4482455A4558955A Gwalior4828355AD28D66
cl 4MT 2-6-04482855A4559755A Barbados4845455AD29D98
4303955A4484955A4560255A British HondurasBR 9F 2-10-0D30D185
4311655E4485255A4567555A Hardy9210315CD36
4311755A4507955Acl 5MT 2-6-0 (H/F)0-6-0 dieselsBR T2 dieselsBrush T4 diesels
4312455A4518110A4294010CD2267D2571D5188D7576D1504D1570
4313055A4521155AB1 4-6-0D2273D5189D7578
4534614B6109341DD5217D7591
Shed Codes2E Saltley10A Carnforth10C Fleetwood10J Lancaster14B Kentish Town
15C Leicester Midland41D Canklow55A Leeds Holbeck55E Normanton
Allocation April 1965 (40)cl 4MT 2-6-4T (Fb)LMS5cl 4MT 2-6-0LMS4
cl 5MT 4-6-0LMS14Jubilee 4-6-0LMS10cl 8F 2-8-0LMS7
Sunday 16 May 196555Atotal:63
cl 4MT 2-6-4T (Fb)cl 5MT 4-6-0Jubilee 4-6-0cl 8F 2-8-0Peak T4 diesels
4213955A4482855A4559355A Kolhapur4810455AD12D32
4214555A4485255A4560855A Gibralter4815855AD18D46
4227155A4498355A4565855A Keyes4829710JD19D50
cl 4MT 2-6-4T (F)450975B4566055A Rooke4845455AD22D124
4239455A4520455A4566155A Vernon W next dayBR T2 dieselsD25D130
cl 4MT 2-6-4T (St)4521155A4566455A Nelson WD5194D7582D28D145
4262255A4521210A4567555A HardyD5256D7584D30D192
cl 4MT 2-6-04527355ABritannia 4-6-20-6-0 dieselsBrush T4 diesels
4303955AB1 4-6-07001612A ArielD2074D2267D1524D1573
4311755A6121456F W700545A Dornoch FirthD2093D2271D1570D1766
4312455Acl 4F 0-6-0WD 2-8-0D2161D2272
4313055A4431012D9064955GD2248D2273W - withdrawn
Shed Codes5A Crewe North5B Crewe South10A Carnforth10J Lancaster12A Carlisle Kingmoor
12D Workington55A Leeds Holbeck55G Huddersfield56F Low Moor
Sunday 12 September 196555Atotal:68
cl 4MT 2-6-4T (Fb)cl 5MT 4-6-0Jubilee 4-6-0cl 8F 2-8-0Peak T4 diesels
4205255A4466255A4557355A Newfoundland W4810455AD11D25
4213955A4472712A4559355A Kolhapur4815755AD14D30
4214555A4482455A4560855A Gibralter W4828355AD15D70
4227155A4485455A4562655A Seychelles4845455AD17D95
cl 4MT 2-6-4T (St)4485755A4565855A Keyes W next day4854255AD20D120
4262255A4498355A4566055A RookeBR T2 dieselsD24
cl 4MT 2-6-04498612A4567555A HardyD5207D7518Brush T4 diesel
4303955A4499056D4569755A AchillesD5226D7569D1766
4306955A450698AClan 4-6-2D5295D7593EE T4 diesel
4311755A4507555A7200612A Clan Mackenzie0-6-0 dieselsD347
4312455A4519310JB1 4-6-0Q6 0-8-0D2074D2267
4313055A4520455A6109216B6341755HD2092D2271
4521155ABR 5MT 4-6-0WD 2-8-0D2093D2272
4539410J731279H9026250BD2248
Shed Codes8A Edge Hill9H Patricroft10J Lancaster12A Carlisle Kingmoor16B Colwick
50B Hull Dairycotes55A Leeds Holbeck55H Neville Hill56D Mirfield
Sunday 17 April 196655A12.40 - 13.00total:55
cl 4MT 2-6-4T (Fb)cl 5MT 4-6-0Jubilee 4-6-0cl 8F 2-8-0Peak T4 diesels
4205255A4466255A4557455A India W4845455AD14D12
4214555A4485755A4567555A Hardy4853755BD22D34
4216155A449268A4569755A Achilles4854255AD30D74
4227155A449338Acl 4MT 2-6-0WD 2-8-0BR T2 dieselsD35D87
cl 4MT 2-6-4T (F)4498355A4303955A9037056AD5212D5286D24D127
4239455A4501410A4304355E9068055GD5224D7597D19D132
cl 4MT 2-6-4T (St)4506355A4312455ABR 9F 2-10-00-6-0 dieselsBrush T4 diesels
4262255A4507955A4313055A920258CD2083D2271D1577D1765
4508055CBR 4MT 4-6-0D2092D2272EE T4 diesel
4512612A7504210GD2267D2273D352
Shed Codes8A Edge Hill8C Speke Junction10A Carnforth10G Skipton12A Carlisle Kingmoor
55A Leeds Holbeck55B Stourton55C Farnley Junction55E Normanton55G Huddersfield56A Wakefield
Sunday 2 October 196655Atotal:51
cl 4MT 2-6-4T (Fb)cl 5MT 4-6-0Jubilee 4-6-0cl 8F 2-8-0Peak T4 diesels
4214555A4482855A4559355A Kolhapur4809355BD13D33
4216155A4485355A4567555A Hardy4815855AD15D67
4227155A4485455A4569755A Achilles4822255DD16D100
4269155A4506355ABritannia 4-6-24828355AD18D105
4269955Acl 4MT 2-6-07001012A Owen Glendower4845455AD28D124
cl 4MT 2-6-4T (St)4303955A7002912B Shooting StarEE T4 dieselsD31D156
4262255A4307755D7004512A Lord RowallenD243D276Brush T4 diesels
4312455A7005412A Dornach Firth0-6-0 dieselsD1514D1820
4313055ABR T2 dieselsD2074D2248D1528D1980
D5248D2093D2271D1767D1984
Shed Codes12A Carlisle Kingmoor12B Carlisle Upperby55A Leeds Holbeck55B Stourton55D Royston
Sunday 21 May 196755A09.45 - 10.10total:65
cl 4MT 2-6-4T (Fb)cl 5MT 4-6-0Jubilee 4-6-0Peak T4 diesels
4205255A W4466255A4494355A4556255A AlbertaD11D28
4214555A4477512A4507555E4559355A KolhapurD19D67
4223612E4477810A4508055A4564755A Sturdee WD20D109
4268955A4482455A451019D4567555A HardyD23D186
4269955A4482855A4521155A Wcl 8F 2-8-0BR 9F 2-10-0D24D151
cl 1F 0-6-0T (J)4485355A4527355A4810455A9201912ABrush T4 diesels
4170841J W4485455A4537410A4815755A W921668HD1513D1998
BR 4MT 4-6-04485755A4542855A4828355ABR T2 diesels0-6-0 diesels
7505810A4487812Acl 4MT 2-6-04839955AD5172D5252D2092D2325
K4 2-6-04490012A4304455A4845455AD5177D2160D3652
3442*Preserved4491255A4312455A WWD 2-8-0D2162D3656
* The Great Marquess4313055A9067856AD2249D3658
Shed Codes8H Birkenhead9D Newton Heath10A Carnforth12A Carlisle Kingmoor12E Tebay
41J Langwith Junction55A Leeds Holbeck56A Wakefield
Saturday 30 September 196755AOpen Day - last weekend of steam.total:67
cl 5MT 4-6-0Jubilee 4-6-0BR 9F 2-10-0Peak T4 diesels
4470910A4491255A W4556255A Alberta920118HD23D103
448039D4494355A W4559355A Kolhapur9201610AD24D117
4482655A W4498355A W4569755A Achilles W920208HD35D167
4482855A W4508055A WBritannia 4-6-29224912ABrush T4 diesels
4485255A W4521955A W7000412A William ShakespeareBR T2 dieselsD1100D1837
4488412A4542855A W7002912A Shooting StarD5096D7548D1562
4488612Acl 4MT 2-6-4T (Fb)BR 5MT 4-6-0cl 8F 2-8-0D5100D75680-6-0 diesels
4488910A4215256F W731279H4815855A WD5173D7569D2087D2339
4489655A W4228356F WK3 2-6-04827655DD5179D7570D2092D3652
4491112A6200555A483329FD5254D7595D2162D3653
Castle 4-6-04839955A WD5290D7625D2267D3654
7029Clun Castle (preserved)4845455A WD7526D2325D3658
Shed Codes8H Birkenhead9D Newton Heath9F Heaton Mersey9H Patricroft10A Carnforth
12A Carlisle Kingmoor55A Leeds Holbeck55D Royston56F Low Moor
Leeds Holbeck closed to steam on 2nd October 1967.
Updated and revised - September 2021.

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